?????ㄥ??绱??ㄦ??琛ㄤ腑锛?姘﹀??绱????ㄧ?浜?锛???瀛??稿?????涓?涓?建??锛?琚?袱涓??靛?瀹??ㄥ?????娌℃??棰?澶????靛???互??涓??????灞?浜???杞荤???版?у??绱???姘︽??3He??4He涓ょ???浣?绱?锛?姘︽?甯稿??涓???娌哥?规??.2 K锛??????炬恫????姘?浣???娑叉??姘﹀?ㄦ俯搴︿?????.18 K?讹??ц川????绐???锛???涓轰?绉?瓒?娴?浣?锛??芥病??绮?婊????版???????????寰???甯搁?锛?绾︿负????800??锛??舵??????琛ㄩ?㈠???????缂╂?ч?芥????甯哥??????姝ゅ?ㄥ??绱???璐ㄤ腑锛?姘︿?浠???俯搴︽??浣???娴?浣?锛?涔??烘?????涓??朵???绱?????瀛﹀??搴?锛????????跺?????楂??封??????绱???浜虹被瀵规唉姘???璁ょ?ュ???插苟涓??匡???????????150澶?骞达?姝ゅ??缁?杩???浠ｇ?瀛﹀???娣卞?ョ??绌讹?浜轰滑?峰?浜?娑叉唉锛???澶х??淇?杩?浜?澶?涓???瑕?绉?瀛﹀????????灞?锛??????瀵肩?╃??????瀛?璁＄?????┖??ぉ宸ヤ?绛????ㄦ??浠????ュ父??娲讳腑锛?姘︽?浼间?骞朵?甯歌?锛?浣???????绉?????椋?????灞?锛?杩?绉??版?ф?浣??ㄨ?澶?楂??版????????????瓒??ヨ???瑕???瑙??层?????介?挎??浠ユ?ヨ?璁や负??传姘﹀?藉?锛?澶ч?ㄥ????姘︽?璧?婧??芥?????藉?杩??ｏ?杩?涔???娓???涓烘???藉??灞?杩?绋?涓??????¤??瀛??????涔?涓????藉?﹀?ㄦ???芥?惧?颁赴瀵???姘︽?璧?婧?浠ユ弧瓒冲?藉??澶?涓????棰???蹇?????灞?????姹?锛???涓轰?绉???浜哄???ラ????????涓?涓???瑕??????
????1.姘﹀??绱???????br />
????1868骞???18?ワ?娉??藉ぉ??瀛﹀?Pierre-Jules-C茅sar Janssen璧村?板害瑙?瀵??ュ?ㄩ?锛??╃?ㄥ??????瑙?瀵??ョ?ュ???颁??￠??茶氨绾匡??ヨ???榛?????D1锛?589.6 nm锛???D2 (589.0 nm)绾?1]???ヨ????锛?浠????峰?ㄥお?冲??璋变腑瑙?瀵??拌??￠?绾匡?绉颁负D3绾匡?浣?缃???87.49 nm??1868骞?0??20?ワ??卞?藉ぉ??瀛﹀?Norman Lockyer 缁?杩?杩?涓?姝ョ??绌讹?璁よ??拌??¤氨绾挎????′?灞?浜?浠讳?宸茬?ュ??绱????扮嚎锛??????芥???绉??扮????绱????卞?戒汉J. N. Lockyer??E. F. Frankland璁や负杩?绉??╄川?ㄥ?扮??涓?杩?娌℃?????帮?浠?浠???杩?涓??板??绱??藉??涓 helium[2]锛??ヨ???????helios锛?澶??筹?锛???绱?绗﹀?峰?涓?e??
????1895骞达????煎?板??瀛﹀?William Ramsay灏???哀????锛?UO2锛????跨?虫?惧?ョ～?镐腑?跺???颁?涓?绉?绁?绉???姘?浣?[3]??浠?瀵硅?绉?姘?浣?????璋辫?琛?浜?绠?????娴?瀹?锛????板???芥??anssen??Lockyer???扮???ｆ?￠?绾?3绾裤??浣??变?浠?娌℃???寸簿瀵???浠??ㄦ?瀹?璋辩嚎?ㄥ??璋变腑??浣?缃??浜????杩?绉?姘?浣??峰????缁?褰??舵??浼?绉?????璋卞?瀹朵?涓?????浼︽?︾?╃??瀛﹀?William Crookes??杩?涓?姝ョ???村?锛?Crookes??杩??寸簿纭?????璋卞?楠?璇?瀹?浜?杩?绉?姘?浣?灏辨??唉锛?杩?涔????娆″?ㄥ?扮??涓????版唉??绱?????涔?????涓??堕?达????哥??涓や???瀛﹀?Nils Langlet??Per Theodor Cleve?ㄥ??哀???????跨?充腑涔????颁?姘﹀??绱?[4]??
????2.姘︾??搴???br />
??????涓ゆ?涓???澶ф????褰卞??锛??ㄤ???涓?绾???姘︽??ㄦ??ㄨ?澶??归?㈠??颁???瑕?搴????涓昏???负浜??夸唬姘㈡???椋???锛?璁稿??藉??藉?ㄥ??炬唉姘?璧?婧????颁?浜???涓?涓?绾??姘︽?涓?浠??ㄥ?ㄩ?琛????灏?绔??瀛︾??绌躲????瀵间?宸ヤ?涓???绮惧???宸ュ???堕??????杩????荤???㈡?璁惧???姹借溅宸ヤ?????┖??ぉ宸ヤ????稿伐涓?绛?棰????界?涓?寮?姘???)??娑????颁?娓╃???涓???搴??ㄥ父甯搁??瑕?????恫姘︼???涓????????姘︺???变?姘︾???规??╃??????瀛︽?ц川锛?浣垮?跺?ㄨ?澶?棰???涓??锋??涓????夸唬???颁?锛???涓鸿??ヨ???瑕??????ヨ?婧???
????娑叉唉????????灞?????浜?涓?涓??扮??绉?瀛﹀????????浣?娓╃?╃??瀛︼?娑叉唉???跺???搴??ㄦ??澶х???ㄥ?ㄤ??╃??瀛﹁?澶???瀛??拌薄?????帮?灏ゅ?舵???浜?瓒?瀵兼????????绌跺??搴??ㄨ捣?颁??冲?抽??瑕???浣???5]??1898骞磋?卞?藉??妗ュぇ瀛︾?╃??瀛﹀????︼?Dewar锛?棣???寰??颁?娑叉??姘?6]??灏卞?ㄥ??涓?骞达??峰?拌?遍】澶у??╃??瀛﹀?娴峰??路?＄???路??灏兼???Heike Kamerlingh -Onnes锛?涔?寰??颁?娑叉??姘?7]??娑叉??姘㈢??娌哥?规???朵?253??锛??ㄨ??蜂???娓╁害涓?锛??朵???绉?姘?浣?涓?浠?????娑蹭?锛???涓?澶ч?ㄥ???藉????浜??轰???????姘︽??????涓?涓?????娑插????姘?浣??????????﹀???＄???路??灏兼???ㄥ????绉?瀛﹀?浠??冲???姘︽?涔?????娑蹭???
????1908骞???13?ユ??锛???绾虫????浠????╂??浠??ㄨ?遍】瀹?楠?瀹ゅ?╃?ㄨ?稿??????姘㈡?浣挎唉姘?缁х画??娓╁????浜?娑蹭?[8]??绗??娆′?寰??颁?320 cm3??娑叉??姘︺??姝ｆ???变???绾虫???ㄦ恫姘﹀?跺??归?㈠?浜?缁?瀵归??????颁?锛???浣垮?浠?棣?娆″?ㄦ?涓????颁?瓒?瀵肩?拌薄[9]锛?浠?姝よ?瀵兼????????绌舵??涓轰??╃??瀛︿腑?跨??涓?琛扮?????广?????1911骞磋?瀵肩?拌薄琚????颁互?ワ???????灏兼???ㄥ??锛?涓??惧?骞寸???堕?撮??浜х??浜??冲???浣?涓?瓒?瀵肩??绌剁?稿?崇??璇鸿?灏?濂?寰?涓伙??辨????瓒?瀵煎?ㄧ?瀛﹀??娌挎?㈢储棰??????颁????ㄨ?瀵肩?????板??娣卞?ョ??绌朵腑锛?娑叉唉????寮?杩?搴у?搴??????ュ????
?????辨唉姘?????娑叉唉瀵逛?绉?瀛﹀??????????灞??芥????甯稿ぇ??杩?姝ワ?杩?涔?淇?浣夸汉浠???灞??村ソ????????娈甸??????跺?娑叉唉??1934骞达??ㄨ?卞?藉?㈢??绂???绌剁?瀛︿?????????绉?瀛﹀??℃??ュ????浜??板????姘︽恫?????姣?灏??跺??互?堕??4??娑叉??姘︺????浜?娑插??璁惧?浠ュ??锛?娑叉??姘︽???ㄥ???界??瀹?楠?瀹や腑寰??板箍娉?????绌跺??搴??ㄣ??2017骞?0??18?ワ?涓??界?瀛﹂?㈢??????????绌舵????富???????????ㄥ?介??颁骇??250 W@4.5 K娑叉唉?跺?锋?洪??杩?涓?瀹堕??躲??杩???蹇??????戒?娓╁?跺?疯?澶????????堕???藉??杩?涓?浜?涓?涓?喘?扮???伴?讹?瀹??颁?娑叉阿娓╁?哄?版恫姘︽俯?虹???抽????达?濉?ˉ浜????芥恫姘︽俯?哄ぇ??姘︿?娓╁?跺?锋?哄?堕????????绌虹?姐??璇ュ?跺?锋?虹?????????讹?涓?浠???互杩?涓?姝ユ弧瓒冲?藉???┖??ぉ??澶х?瀛﹁?缃?????ラ?????楂???????灞???姹?锛???涓???互淇????藉???稿?抽???????杩???????版??缁???灞???
????3.姘︽???寮????扮??br />
????????锛?涓???涓???姘︽???浜т富瑕?琚???姐???垮????╀????″?灏???淇?缃?????娉㈠?扮?灏??板??涓??藉???????缇??藉?ㄤ???姘︽?浜ч?????ㄩ??涓??藉????缁?瀵瑰?颁?锛???互??澶х??褰卞??涓???姘︽?甯??虹??璧板?裤??涓??????藉?浜?姘︽?????姹???浠ユ?骞?%浠ヤ???????澧???[10]?????????界?娴?????浜???绉?????蹇?????灞?锛??藉??瀵规唉璧?婧?????姹???瓒??ヨ?澶э???涓??界????涓昏?浠?缇??藉???″?灏?杩??ｆ唉姘???2018骞翠腑缇?璐告??????寮?搴?骞?浠ュ??锛?缇??借?涓?姝ュ??灏?浜?瀵逛腑?芥唉璧?婧????哄?ｏ?浣垮????芥唉姘???浠锋?兼??缁??娑ㄣ??濡?浠?宸叉??涓洪???舵???藉??涓????蹇?????灞??????¤??瀛??????锛??ラ?????藉???ㄩ?ㄧ???稿?充汉??瀵绘?捐В?虫?规?锛?杩??朵腑褰??跺???????浜哄?????烘?扮????璁烘ā???ュ府?╂???藉敖蹇????????富??瀵绘?炬唉璧?婧???
?????告?浜??虫补??澶╃?舵?锛?姘︽??ㄥ????骞村??骞舵病琚??涓烘????瑕???涓?寮???浠峰?肩??璧?婧??ュ?寰?锛?瀹?甯稿父琚??????ぉ?舵?涓?????骇??[11]???╂??浜轰滑?ㄥ???澶╃?舵???杩?绋?涓?????版?绘????涓?灏??ㄥ??姘?浣??ㄥ父娓╀???娉???杩???缂╀娇?舵恫??锛????ヨ?璇?瀹?杩?浜??句互娑插????姘?浣?????涓昏???唉姘???????澶ч?ㄥ????姘︽??芥???ㄥ?????澶╃?舵?涓???绂诲?烘?ョ??锛???姝ゅ?澶??拌川瀛︽?归?㈢????绌朵汉??璁や负锛?姘︽???澶╃?舵???即????[12]??浣????绉??炬唉姘?????璺??ㄧ?╃??涓???В??涓????????虫补??澶╃?舵??????㈠ぇ?ㄥ???芥???ㄧ???伴???撅?杩????变?杩?涓ょ被?╄川?ㄥ?板３涓??芥??互娑叉????褰㈠?瀛??ㄣ???茬?凤?CH4锛?????瀛?????6锛????虫补????瀛???瑕??村ぇ锛???姝ゅ?ㄨ??????杩?绋?涓???变??扮????????褰卞??灏?寰??板?夸????哄????????姘︽?涓??渚???澶х????He锛???瀛?????锛????剁???涓?唉姘???瀵?搴︽???ゆ阿姘?浠ュ???灏?????涔?姝ｅ??姘︽???瀵?搴︿?锛???姝ゅ?ㄧ?寮??板３涔???浼?杩???????绂诲?扮??寮???????缂?锛?瀵艰?寸┖姘?涓???姘︽?????????浣?????姘︽???澶╃?舵?涔??存病??蹇??剁??浼寸???崇郴锛?涓よ???ㄧ?????哄?朵?????ㄤ?涓??风????姘︽????介??杩?姘㈠??绱??????????惧??ч????绱?琛板??浜х??锛???澶╃?舵?????互??杩?澶?绉???瀛﹀??搴???????灏界?寰?澶???绌舵?ラ??璁や负?????扮??涓???姘︽???寰?澶т??ㄥ?????变??惧??ч????绱?琛板??浜х????锛?浣????规???浜??惧??у??绱??ㄥ?扮??涓???涓板害?ュ????锛?杩?绉?琛板?????稿??搴?????姣?渚?搴?璇ュ?灏?锛????﹁?藉?浜х??澶ч????姘︽??煎??ㄦ?层??褰???浠???瑙???璺冲?哄?扮???ョ??锛?姘﹀??绱?浣?涓轰?娆′?姘㈠??绱???绗??澶х?╄川缁?????绱?[13]锛??ㄦ?翠釜澶??崇郴浠ュ???村ぇ??瀹?瀹?绌洪?翠腑骞堕??绋?缂猴???姝ゆ???????扮??涓???姘︽?璁や负?????褰㈡???╂????娈???姘?浣?骞堕??????绋戒?璋???浣?涓哄?扮??涓?瀵?搴︿?娆′?姘㈡????╄川锛?姘︽?濡???涓昏??????????板?锛?杩?绉诲?烘?ョ??锛??ｄ?蹇??舵???ㄥ?板?缁???杈?涓哄?濂界??楂????板?烘??绌归《褰㈠?哄??瀹规??????锛???涓??????般??灏界???????姘︽??烘????芥???澶╃?舵??板?????姘?浣?涓???绂伙?浣?杩?骞朵????崇???炬唉姘?瑕??诲?板?夸?娲肩???哄??锛??板ソ?稿??锛?姘︽???杩?绉诲??瀛??ㄦ?村?惧??浜??板?块????哄??锛???锛???
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